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Welcome to the Mac OS Desktops thread! Mac OS X Desktops are split into 4 threads over the course of a year to reduce clutter. 1Q - January through March. That happened this week, when Sun Microsystems Inc.’s CEO Jonathan Schwartz said Apple’s upcoming Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, would rely on a file system that engineers at his company have spent. There's a glitch that show partial black screen and graphic There's still a glitch in the graphic with the partial flickering black screen along with the game's texture on the M1 mac. The software runs fine and the laptop is a little warm. I don't think it's the processing power that's the problem. The software graphic need to be fix first. Great App I paid from it birth. But for this time, I had had a trouble on install: The installer erased all the startup items, and when I logged the Mac session after installing, Ittec was the only stuff in my startup items folder. I run on 10.2.8 on a french OS, on a G4 466Mhz.

Zoombinis is a series of educationalpuzzle computer games that were originally developed by TERC and published by Broderbund until The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) bought Broderbund in 1998 and took over developing and publishing the series in 2001. The series consists of three games: Logical Journey of the Zoombinis (1996), Zoombinis: Mountain Rescue (2001), and Zoombinis: Island Odyssey (2002). On August 6, 2015, Logical Journey was updated and re-released (as Zoombinis) for tablets and modern operating systems by TERC, FableVision, and Learning Games Network.^[1][2] The series focuses on the Zoombinis, small blue creatures each with different appearances and personalities, which the player must guide through strange puzzle-filled lands.

Logical Journey of the Zoombinis (1996)[edit]

Zoombini Isle, the Zoombinis' homeland, has been taken over by the evil Bloats. The Zoombinis flee but end up in a mysterious and treacherous land. Players must guide the Zoombinis through this land to reach the safety of Zoombiniville, a land of hope and prosperity for the Zoombinis. The game was made in 1995, and released in 1996.^[3]

Gameplay[edit]

The player starts at Zoombini Isle, where they assemble a team of 16 Zoombinis, picking from 5 different options each in hair, eyes, nose color, and footwear, for a total of 625 possible combinations. Each combination can be used twice in the game. The player then has to do a series of minigames, helping the Zoombinis traverse through dangerous places until they reach the next location on the island. By the end of a minigame, a number of Zoombinis may be left behind. At the end of a section, the Zoombinis can rest at a campsite and be stored to join another group of Zoombinis if there are fewer than 16 Zoombinis left. From the first campsite are two branching roads that take the Zoombinis to two different areas of the island and eventually join up at the second campsite before traversing to the final section of the island. At the end of the final section lies the target destination Zoombiniville. For each group of Zoombinis that make it through a section with all 16 in their group a monument is added to Zoombiniville. The game is won when 625 Zoombinis make it to Zoombiniville.

Zoombinis Mountain Rescue (2001)[edit]

After the foundation of Zoombiniville, the Zoombinis find peace once more, until a small group of them get trapped inside a cave seeking shelter from a storm. They meet up with strange creatures called Boolies who occupy a city known as Booliewood. As a result of the storm, the Boolies have been scattered across the land, and their mayor, the Grand Boolie Boolie, has disappeared. The goal of the game is to rescue a total of 400 Boolies and bring them to Booliewood to return the Grand Boolie Boolie.

Gameplay[edit]

The player begins in Zoombiniville, where they assemble a team of 16 Zoombinis. Like the previous game, the player has to get as many of the 16 Zoombinis through the minigames as possible, by making use of the Zoombinis' different characteristics in accordance to the patterns and principles of the minigames. Some of the minigames however require only the player's logic, regardless of the Zoombinis' characteristics. After all minigames are completed on a part of the land, the player progresses to play more minigames on the next part of the land. The gameplay takes more of an adventure game approach, as the number of Zoombinis on a part of the journey differ throughout different parts of the game after each checkpoint between Zoombiniville and Booliewood. The checkpoints are where Zoombinis that do not make it through minigames return to. The player also has the option to send the Zoombinis on different routes from checkpoints across the land to complete different minigames.

Zoombinis Island Odyssey (2002)[edit]

Long after the take over of Zoombini Isle at the hands of the Bloats, the island was completely stripped of its food and plant life, leaving the Zerbles and native moths hungry and forcing the Bloats to evacuate. A seagull informs the Zoombinis, who live in Zoombiniville. After an expedition of Zoombinis survey the damage on the island, they decide to bring caterpillars to restore balance to the island's chain of life.

Gameplay[edit]

The player begins by creating a group of 12 Zoombinis, which can be customized. The player must then complete different puzzles, such as growing berries and breeding moths, to eventually restore the ecosystem of the island. This game incorporates science concepts as well as math concepts into the puzzles, including intersection of rates, cryptography, astronomical time, Venn diagrams, and Punnett squares, as well as some reincarnations of puzzles from Logical Journey. The graphics have again received an update. The Zoombinis are fully 3-D, but their features no longer affect gameplay. When the Zoombinis release 224 Zerbles into the wild, the game is won.

Educational effects[edit]

As a computer game, Zoombinis is an entertaining activity for students from elementary to middle school. However, as an educational tool, Zoombinis stands above many other mathematical, analytical, and logical educational methods. The game works with problem solving through mathematics, deduction, and hypothesis testing primarily by clearly stating the goal of the problem at hand, with the option to either deduce for one's self or learn from with gameplay strategies for success.^[4]

Mathematical aspects[edit]

The different games a player encounters when trying to get the Zoombinis from Zoombini Isle to Zoombiniville represent many mathematical characteristics. 'Pizza Pass', 'Allergic Cliffs', and 'Stone Cold Caves' exercise the sorting, grouping, and comparing of information. 'Captain Cajun's Ferryboat', 'Stone Rise', and 'Titanic Tattooed Toads' reinforce ordering, linking information, and problem solving. 'Fleens!', 'Mudball Wall', and 'Hotel Dimensia' emphasize graphing and mapping, while 'Lions' Lair', 'Mirror Machine', and 'Bubblewonder Abyss' train the player in sorting, organizing, and algebraic thinking.^[5]

Deductive reasoning[edit]

Sub-games such as 'Allergic Cliffs' and 'Stone Cold Caves' require the player to find patterns and arrangements of the Zoombinis in order to pass the obstacle. Each game also has a select number of attempts which may be failures before a Zoombini is taken back to the beginning of a path segment (to Zoombini Isle, or to the base camps of Shelter Rock and Shade Tree), giving an incentive for the player to think critically and not randomly guess answers. As a result, these games enable players' deductive skills while also enforcing strategic efficiency.^[5]

Hypothesis testing[edit]

Players also encounter critical thinking with testing and observing different logical outcomes in 'Pizza Pass' and 'Mudball Wall'. By examining the varying characteristics of toppings on a pizza and the number and color of dots on a wall, the player can experiment with the correct patterns to get the Zoombinis to the next level. Similarly, with the deductive reasoning sub-games, these exercises discourage random guessing by giving only a few options to fail before losing a Zoombini.^[5] However, with the games that involve more hypothesis testing, the incorrect guesses remain on the screen in a categorized pile so that the player might learn from previous attempts to come to the correct conclusion.

Game effectiveness with students[edit]

With the game's release in the Spring of 1996, through its continued use in the present, observations of the game have shown it to be efficient and useful for students and teachers alike. As a learning tool, the game is fun and interactive for children born into the continuously evolving technological era of 2016. The characters are generalized, but still have a cartoonish look to entice any young person who wants to learn, and the format of the game inspires group work. The communication created between two or more players talking about how to find the right kind of pizza or nose, eyes, and hair matching Zoombini is a simple and effective way that students have fun learning with the game.^[6]

Awards[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Takahashi, Dean (2015-02-17). 'Nonprofit brings back Zoombinis educational game and launches Kickstarter'. VentureBeat. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
2. ^Shao, Yiqing (2015-02-18). 'Zoombinis App to Be Released for Tablets and Desktop'. Boston magazine. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
3. ^'Logical Journey of the Zoombinis.(Broderbund)(The Learning Arcade) (Software Review)(Brief Article)(Evaluation)'. Computer Shopper (subscription required). Archived from the original on 2014-06-29 – via HighBeam Research.
4. ^MURRAY, MEGAN; MOKROS, JAN; RUBIN, ANDEE (1999-01-01). 'Mathematically Rich, Equitable Game Software'. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School. 5 (3): 180–186. doi:10.5951/MTMS.5.3.0180. JSTOR41180770.
5. ^ ^abcMoss, Thomas P. (2004-01-01). Playful thoughts: A study of the effects of 'Logical Journey of the Zoombinis' on elementary students' mathematical attitudes and reasoning skills (Ed.D. thesis). United States -- New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. ProQuest305209226.
6. ^Rubin, Andee et al. What Kind Of Educational Computer Games Would Girls Like?. 1st ed. Massachusetts: TERC, 1997. Web. 16 Nov. 2016.
7. ^'Mathematics - Zoombinis'(PDF). Digital Art Bin. Sunburst: 30. 2008. Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.

External links[edit]

• Zoombinis series at MobyGames

I recently purchased a new 2018 13' MacBook Air—my first new Mac laptop in over five years. My hope is that this machine can replace two aging laptops: A 2013 13' Retina MacBook Pro (I use this when I want more 'power' or screen resolution) and a 2012 11' MacBook Air (I use this when I want portability).

Reviews of this machine are all over the net, so I'm not even going to attempt a full review. If you want an in-depth review of the machine, go read Six Colors' review, or The Verge's review or Wired's review…or just start with Macrumors' round-up of reviews and go from there.

Instead of a full review, I'll provide some brief thoughts on the machine, then move on to my main focus: The performance changes in Apple's smallest laptops from 2012 to today, based on comparisons between my three machines. I was interested in how this would turn out, as the two older Macs are both Core i7 CPUs, versus the Core i5 in the new Air. There's lots out there to read about how the 2018 Air compares to other current machines, or semi-new machines…but I thought it might be interesting to see how performance has changed in five-plus years.

But first, my thoughts on the new Air…

My thoughts

First off, I really like the size of the 2018 MacBook Air. While it's not as small as my 11' Air, it's close—it's nearly the same width and just a bit deeper. Pretty impressive, given that it's holding a 13' screen in that space. The new Air is smaller than my 13' rMBP in all dimensions. Here are all three machines side by side:

The 2012 11' Air is on the left, the Space Gray 2018 Air is in the middle, and the 2013 13' MacBook Pro is on the right.

TouchID is wonderful; I hope more apps gain support for it as time passes. Battery life has been amazing, too. I also really like the color, though I do miss the backlit Apple logo.

Something else I miss is Mag Safe on the power connector: It's a real pain having to hunt for a port in a dark room, and I dread what happens the first time I trip over the cord. The power cord is also much shorter than before—maybe 6.5 feet versus about 12 feet for the older machines. Maybe Apple figures you'll be less likely to trip on the non-Mag Safe cord if it's not so long?

But what about the much-maligned 'butterfly' keyboard, now in its third generation? I may be in a minority, but I like it. It's rock solid, and there's plenty of travel for me. It is, however, notably louder than either of my other two portable Macs. How much louder? I typed out the well-known quick-fox-lazy-dog pangram on all three machines, recording each on my iPhone. I moved each Mac to the same spot on my desk, with the iPhone positioned nearby, and started typing. The results, um, speak? for themselves…

And no, I wasn't pounding any harder on the 2018 Air's keyboard than I was the other two. So yes, it's much louder, but it's not so loud that it bothers me. I'm not sure if others seated nearby will feel the same, though.

Overall, I'm quite happy with the machine, especially the fact that it has actual function keys and no stupid Touch Bar. (Dear Apple: I'd trade this in on a top-of-the-line MacBook Pro if you offered one without the insanity that is Touch Bar.) Enough of the review…time to look at the evolution of performance over five years' time in Apple's small laptops—at least those that I own.

The evolution of performance

What I really want to dive into is a comparison of the new Air's performance against my two older machines: How much have CPUs, GPUs, and disk drives changed in the last six years, particularly in Apple's smaller laptops?

Here are the specs of each of my small laptop Macs—all three are running macOS Mojave 14.1 (though the 2018 Air has the recently-released Supplemental Update version).

What stands out in that table—to me, at least—is the change in power requirements over the last six years. The Core i5 in the new Air has a TDP value of just seven watts, versus 17 watts in the 2012 Air and a whopping 28 watts in the 2013 Retina MacBook Pro. Just looking at that figure, along with the lower frequency and 'one class down' Core i5 vs Core i7, you'd tend to think the new Air probably has a slower CPU.

To see how fast or slow the new Air really is—not just its CPU but also disk and graphics (GPU)—I ran a slew of tests. Before I get to the results, though, a word about my benchmarking: It's really basic. I don't have the time to run multiple passes of every test; I don't have the time to reboot each machine between every test, into a a new fresh user account, etc.

Instead, I ran each of the following tests once, and did so on the main account on each machine. (If I got some results that appeared to be really out of line, I'd run the test again to confirm, but this only happened with two tests.) No other apps were running, but things like Dropbox and Moom and other small utilities were still active. I left each display in its actual native resolution (1280x800 for the two retina machines, and 1366x768 for the 2012 Air, as that's all it can do).

I was fine with these limitations, because I was interested in general high-level comparisons not ultra-specific results—and the same set of utilities/apps were running on each machine. So what you read here will probably differ from what you find on other sites that do more rigorous testing. And now, on to the results.

OpenSSL benchmark - CPU

OpenSSL 'is a robust, commercial-grade, and full-featured toolkit for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols. It is also a general-purpose cryptography library.' At least, that's what it says on their web site.

For my purposes, I like that OpenSSL is built into every version of macOS, and that it includes a nifty little benchmarking tool: In Terminal, just type openssl speed and then wait a while. The test uses a number of cryptographic hash algorithms with various block lengths to test the speed of those algorithms.

Here are the results for my three laptop Macs…note that there are many more tests run; this is just a sampling of the output. (The higher the rate, the better the result.)

As you can see, the new Air's CPU—despite drawing much less power—is about 20% faster than my 2012 Air, and 5% faster than the 2013 Retina MacBook Pro. Impressive.

Geekbench 4 - CPU and GPU

Geekbench 4 is a cross-platform benchmark suite that tests both the CPU and the GPU (the 'Compute' tests). There are a total of four tests—CPU single and multiple core, and GPU tests using OpenCL and Metal. Here's how my three Macs scored (higher is better)…

CPU results with Geekbench mirror those of the OpenSSL speed test, though the new Air showed more improvement against the 2013 MacBook Pro than it did in the OpenSSL test…and simply crushed the 2012 MacBook Air in the Compute categories, seemingly a reflection of a much better GPU.

Cinebench - CPU and GPU

Cinebench is a benchmark that tests both the GPU (using an OpenGL animated car chase) and the CPU (by rendering a photorealistic 3D image).

The OpenGL results again show a strong performance from the GPU in the new Air, while the CPU test shows little to no improvement on the CPU side. But remember, the Air is doing this with half the power draw of the old Air, and one quarter that of the MacBook Pro.

Blackmagic Disk Speed Test - Disk

The Blackmagic Disk Speed Test is a handy tool for measuring the read and write speed of your disks. This is one area where I expected my new machine to easily best both of its older stablemates, and I was right…

The advances in solid state 'drives' in the last six years is evident in these results—and a fast disk contributes a lot to the overall feel of the machine's speed: Apps launch quickly, and even if you have to use swap space on 'disk' when you run out of RAM, it happens so quickly you may not even realize data is being swapped.

Heaven - GPU

Heaven is a 2009 OpenGL benchmark test that still runs fine on today's hardware. The benchmark runs through a number of animated 3D scenes, and at the end, returns an average frames per second and a score, based on the average FPS as well as the high and low FPS.

Test notes: I ran the 'basic' test, in a window, with no default settings changed, and each machine running its native resolution.

When I first ran this test, I got some very strange results: The new Air was no quicker than the 2012 Air, and was crushed by the 2013 model. I ran it again, and got the same results. Then the 2018 Air's 10.14.1 Supplemental Update came out. I installed that, and re-ran the tests, and got the above results: The new Air nearly doubles the frame rate of the old Air, and is slightly faster than the 2013 MacBook Pro.

I have no idea if there was some graphics-related fix in the supplemental update, or if simply installing the update and rebooting cleared something out, but these results are more in line with what I expected given the GPU performance in other benchmarks.

Valley - GPU

Valley is the 2013 follow-on to 2009's Heaven. Again, I used the 'basic' test running in a window at each Mac's native screen resolution.

My first run here was the same as with the Heaven test: The new Air did horribly (even after a fresh boot). After installing the supplemental update and rebooting, the scores improved dramatically.

GFXBench Metal

GFXBench Metal is an App Store app that tests GPU performance using Metal, Apple's new hardware-accelerated graphics technology. As such, I thought it would be a good benchmark to use, given Apple's move away from OpenGL. Unfortunately, it's quite flakey, as it quits on launch on certain machines and works fine on others. (It's not just me; the reviews are filled with such comments.)

For me, it runs on the new Air and the 2013 MacBook Pro, but not the 2012 Air. So this comparison was between only those machines. There are a number of tests in GFXBench; I arbitrarily chose five of them…

My results here didn't change before and after installing the supplemental update, which seems to imply that perhaps the issue was with the OpenGL driver. But who knows for sure. With the exception of the Driver Overhead 2 test, the new Air was quicker than the MacBook Pro in every test.

Benchmark wrap up

I was quite impressed by the Air's benchmark results: Using a CPU with much lower power draw, it held its own against older but arguably more-powerful chips—besting the 2012 Air by a lot, and slightly outperforming the 2013 MacBook Pro. In the disk and graphics areas, there was no comparison: The new Air has a wicked-fast solid state drive, and (at least after the supplemental update) the graphics chipset is notably faster, too.

Things are even more impressive if you consider performance per watt. Take the Geekbench 4 single core CPU results, and look at what's being done for each watt of power…

That is impressive performance with minimal power draw…which should translate into longer battery life, amongst other things.

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But so much for benchmarks, what about real-world usage?

Real world usage

I've used the Air quite often over the last week, as I was out of town for four days, so I took it with me. (I had the other two as well, so I could work on this writeup). In my real world typical use—email, web browsing, editing HTML and CSS in Coda or Atom or in a browser, more email, some graphics editing, a bit of screen recording work, etc.—it's clearly much faster than my two dinosaur-era small Macs. Apps open instantly, and even if I load the thing up so it has to use virtual memory, the solid state drive is so fast that it's almost a non-event.

App launching

I wanted to run some tests on app launch times, so I did…but all three machines launch apps so quickly that it's basically a non-event. At best, I got about a one-second difference between the 2012 and 2018 Airs when launching four apps at the same time. So much for that as an area of focus.

Battery life

Next, I wanted to get a sense for real world battery life across all three machines. But as with the benchmark tests, I don't really have the time to do it right, i.e. seeing how long I can run all three machines until they shut down. Instead, I created a one-hour test, then compared results at the end of that test period.

For my test, I played the first (and still best) Jurassic Park movie from the hard drive while running htop, an enhanced version of top, just to give the machine a bit more to do. I also had the Intel Power Gadget app open and charting during the hour. Each machine's screen looked roughly like this:

I charged all three machines so they had full batteries, set the brightness to about 50%, unplugged the power cords, and started the movie. After one hour, I quit the open apps and took some measurements in Terminal, using pmset -g batt. This command will return the current battery charge level (in percentage), as well as an estimate as to remaining life. Here's the output from each machine after the hour:

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2012 Air: 78%; discharging; 2:30 remaining
2013 MBP: 90%; discharging; 6:10 remaining
2018 Air: 97%; discharging; 10:52 remaining

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In a nutshell, the new machine crushed the other two—nearly eleven hours remaining, against 2.5 for the old Air and just over six for the MacBook Pro. The short run time for the 2012 Air, with its smaller 35 watt-hour battery, isn't overly surprising (though 3.5 hours of total usage time is quite short). The 2013 MacBook Pro, though, has a 50 watt-hour battery…yet the new Air's smaller 35 watt-hour battery has no trouble outlasting it.

Of course, there's another variable here, and that's the age of batteries. To check the condition of the older machine's batteries, I used ioreg -brc AppleSmartBattery, which dumps a ton of info about the battery.

In the output, the DesignCapacity field shows what the battery should have held when new, and MaxCapacity shows what it can now hold when fully charged. If there's a big gap in those numbers, then the battery isn't capable of holding much charge.

For my 2012 Air, the ratio is 4075/4680, or 87%; for the 2013 MacBook Pro, it's 5707/6330, or 90%. So while both batteries are down, it's not enough to explain the disparity. And even if they were both at 100%, there'd be no comparison with the new Air's performance.

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Conclusion

For me, given the age of my other two laptops, this upgrade is a no brainer. I get a much better screen, a lower-power-drawing CPU that nonetheless outperforms the other two machines, better graphics, and a seriously long-lasting battery. And did I mention it doesn't have a Touch Bar?

This machine will easily replace both of my others, and hopefully last at least as long with me as the first two have.

If you've got a newer Air, though, it's a tougher question. The CPU, GPU, and disk probably aren't all much quicker than they were two years ago, so you'll have to judge if the retina screen and longer battery life make the new Air a worthwhile upgrade.